Troponin testing is the cornerstone of this screening, yet uncertainties remain regarding timing and candidates. Notably, myocarditis occurs within few weeks from ICIs initiation, offering opportunity for a targeted screening. Aggressive work-up and management of symptomatic patients taking ICIs is fundamental for early recognition and initiation of specific immunosuppressive therapies. In particular, several cases of ICI-related myocarditis with life-threatening course have been reported: the possibility of fulminant cases, thus, requires a high level of awareness among both oncologists and cardiologists. Cardiovascular (CV) irAEs are rare, although potentially severe. Such response, however, is not entirely tumor-specific and may result in immune-related adverse events (irAEs), involving a number of organs and systems. ICIs elicit an immune response directed against cancer cells, by targeting the so-called immune checkpoints, key regulators of the immune system that when stimulated can dampen the immune response to an immunologic stimulus. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a successful paradigm in the treatment of cancer. 3Department of Emergency, IRCCS San Martino Policlinic Hospital, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.1Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS San Martino Policlinic Hospital–IRCCS Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genova, Italy.Paolo Spallarossa 1*, Matteo Sarocchi 1, Giacomo Tini 1,2, Eleonora Arboscello 3, Matteo Toma 1,2, Pietro Ameri 1,2 and Italo Porto 1,2
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